This study presents a strategic synthetic approach to functionalize the traditionally unreactive C3 position of the benzothiophene core. A series of 3-chloro-N-(aryl)benzothiophene-2-carboxamides (2a–d) were synthesized in good to excellent yields (53–83%) via amidation of 3-chloro-2-chlorocarbonylbenzothiophene[b]thiophene (1).Subsequent oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid afforded the corresponding sulfone derivatives (3a–d), a transformation that reduced aromaticity and activated the C3 position. This activation enabled anucleophilic aromatic substitution, where chlorine in sulfone 3b was replaced by ethylamine, isopropylamine, and diethylamine, yielding novel 3-aminobenzothiophene-1,1-dioxides (4a–c) in moderate yields (50–64%). All new compounds were fully characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated in vitro for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and fungal strains (Candida albicans, Crysosporium pannical, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae). While overall activities were slight to moderate compared with standard drugs, compounds 3a and 3b displayed a promising broad-spectrum profile. These findings establish an efficient and versatile methodology for accessing C3-functionalized benzothiophenes, providing a valuable foundation for the design of new lead structures against resistant microbes.

This study integrates compliance evaluations and organic solvent risk assessments to enhance laboratory safety in Gharyan University chemistry laboratories. Six laboratories (Analytical, Biochemistry, Organic, Physical, Inorganic, and Research) were assessed for safety compliance across five elements: storage, PPE, usage areas, emergency management, and documentation. Concurrently, a systematic risk assessment was performed for seven common organic solvents (ether, chloroform, benzene, methanol, hexane, acetone, and ethanol), considering inherent hazard severity and laboratory-specific probability. Results showed moderate overall compliance (26.09%-38.26%), with the organic laboratory exhibiting the highest. "Emergency Management" was a universal weakness (20.00% compliance). Risk assessment revealed 62.5% of solvent-laboratory combinations posed very high risks, with ether, chloroform, and benzene consistently hazardous. A clear link emerged between laboratory compliance and risk profiles; higher compliance correlated with lower solvent risks. This research provides empirical evidence that improved safety compliance mitigates risks, offering a novel framework for integrated safety assessment in academic settings. Findings emphasize strengthening safety management, particularly in emergency preparedness and PPE use, to reduce risks from organic solvents in university chemistry laboratories. Keywords: organic solvents, risk assessment, compliance analysis, chemical hazards, safety management.

The term “gel” is commonly used to refer to the defect that distorts a film product. Eliminating gel defects from polyolefin film products can be difficult, time-consuming, and expensive. The impact of crystallization in the blown film matrix of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Unmelted spots (gels) in the films for both compared HDPEs were tested. Tensile strength and elongation percentage of films made with hexene is higher than for the films made with butene. The gels were bigger in size and higher in density in Lanufene® than in the Equate product. It was found that this gel was affected the mechanical and physical properties of the locally produced HDPE film. The flow that takes place in a melt flow index (MFI) experiment has been simulated for Lanufene® and Equategrades. The high MI enables the grade to be fit into the injection molding process. The melt index and melt flow index of Lanufene® are higher than the Equate product, while the melt flow ratio and density are lower. The percentage of Nu, Si, Cr, Al, C, and Fe in the gels determined by SEM was found to be higher in Lanufene® than Equate, except for the carbon element. Keywords: gel, HDPE film, crystallization, Lanufene®, Equate, scanning microscope